Decision-Gated Surrogate-Assisted Stochastic Optimization with Independent High-Fidelity Certification for Photovoltaic Hosting-Capacity Planning
High photovoltaic (PV) penetration planning requires repeated nonlinear PV and power-flow evaluations under uncertain irradiance and demand, particularly when two competing objectives, penetration and total electrical loss, are optimized simultaneously subject to reliability constraints. This paper develops a decision-...