#artificial intelligence
Feb 2026
Same Answer, Different Representations: Hidden instability in VLMs
A representation-aware and frequency-aware evaluation framework that measures internal embedding drift, spectral sensitivity, and structural smoothness (spatial consistency of vision tokens), alongside standard label-based metrics is introduced.
Farooq Ahmad Wani, Alessandro Suglia, Rohit Saxena et al.
· arXiv.org · 2 citations