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Robin Eriksen Birkeland

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Open access Jul 2026

Living Off the Land Attacks on IEC 61850 Substations

Results confirm that an adversary with local network access can successfully inject valid IEC 61850 Manufacturing Message Specification (MMS) commands to trigger unauthorized circuit breaker operations and show that a simulated substation can be used as a tool when developing OT malware.

Robin Eriksen Birkeland, S. Houmb · Applied Sciences · 0 citations