Libraries and Digital Literacy in the 21st Century: A Systematic Review
Digital literacy has become an essential competency for effective participation in contemporary digital societies, influencing education, research, employment, communication, and lifelong learning. Libraries have increasingly assumed strategic responsibilities in fostering digital literacy through the provision of information resources, technological infrastructure, digital skills training, and information literacy programmes. This study systematically reviews existing literature on the role of libraries in promoting digital literacy and the challenges affecting the implementation of digital literacy initiatives in the twenty-first century. The review adopted the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) approach. Literature was retrieved from Scopus, Web of Science, ERIC, Google Scholar, and Library and Information Science Source databases using predefined search terms. A total of 132 records were identified, of which 25 studies met the inclusion criteria and were selected for detailed analysis. Findings reveal that libraries significantly contribute to digital literacy development through information literacy instruction, digital skills workshops, access to information and communication technologies, electronic resource provision, online learning support, and digital inclusion programmes. The review further identifies inadequate funding, poor ICT infrastructure, unreliable internet connectivity, insufficient staff competencies, and weak policy support as major constraints affecting programme effectiveness. The study concludes that libraries remain indispensable institutions for promoting digital inclusion and lifelong learning. It recommends sustained investment in digital infrastructure, continuous professional development for librarians, and stronger institutional commitment to digital literacy initiatives.