Comparative Analysis of a Hybrid Electric Vehicle Energy Management System Using a Hybrid YSGA-PSO Optimized Fractional-Order PID Controller
Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) offer a practical route to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on fossil fuels. Their reliability, however, rests on precise management of the battery State of Charge (SOC) under continually fluctuating renewable generation. For SOC regulation in a solar photovoltaic and w...