Preprint
Aug 2026
The Effect of Perceived Race and Gender on Police Language Use: Experimental Evidence from VR Simulations
Against the backdrop of violence in police interactions with the U.S. public, we explore how deferentially police officers speak to virtual characters depicted as Black adult males in vir- tual reality (VR) simulations. We evaluate the effect of seeing and communicating with these characters through a causal in- ferenc...
Sandra Sandoval, Navita Goyal, Rashawn Ray et al.
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