The bounded area class of negatively curved surfaces
Let $S$ be an oriented surface, possibly of infinite type, endowed with a complete Riemannian metric with pinched negative curvature. We prove that the area form defines a non-trivial class in the second bounded cohomology group of $S$, unless $S$ is diffeomorphic to the disc or the cylinder. This is in sharp contrast with the $n$-dimensional case, $n>2$, where the non-triviality of the volume form in bounded cohomology is related to the Cheeger constant of the manifold. We also discuss how the bounded area class depends on the metric: we prove that, for compact surfaces, it recognizes constant curvature metrics among pinched negatively curved ones, while, even in the case of surfaces of infinite type, it does not distinguish non-isometric hyperbolic structures. More precisely, when $S$ is compact we show that, among the negatively curved structures of fixed area, the ones with constant curvature provide the unique minimizers for the norm of the bounded area class.