Ionospheric Response to Two Geomagnetic Storms on 12–13 November 2025 over European Region
The present research reveals the ionospheric response over Europe during two strong geomagnetic storms (class G5 and G3) on 12–13 November 2025. In the analysis of the manifestation of geomagnetic conditions and to describe in detail the selected geomagnetic disturbances, the Dst index was considered. The ionospheric r...