The rapid expansion of digital technologies, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, social media, and cross-border data flows has transformed personal data into one of the most valuable resources in the global digital economy. While technological innovation has enhanced communication, commerce, governance, healthcare, and financial services, it has simultaneously increased concerns regarding privacy, surveillance, cybersecurity, identity theft, and unauthorized processing of personal information. Consequently, governments worldwide have introduced comprehensive legal frameworks to regulate the collection, processing, storage, transfer, and protection of personal data. This study presents a comparative analysis of data protection laws in India, the European Union (EU), and the United States (US), examining their legal foundations, regulatory principles, institutional mechanisms, enforcement structures, and challenges. The analysis focuses on India's Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), and the sector-specific privacy framework adopted in the United States. It evaluates key principles such as lawful processing, consent, transparency, accountability, data minimization, purpose limitation, data subject rights, cross-border data transfers, enforcement mechanisms, and penalties for non-compliance. The study further examines emerging challenges arising from artificial intelligence, big data analytics, cloud computing, cybersecurity threats, and international data governance. It concludes that while each jurisdiction reflects different constitutional traditions and regulatory priorities, strengthening international cooperation, harmonized privacy standards, robust institutional oversight, and technology-neutral legislation is essential for ensuring effective protection of personal data, promoting digital trust, and supporting sustainable digital transformation.
R. Author· Global Journal of Computing...· 0 citations
The rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has facilitated the creation of highly realistic deepfakes and synthetic media, transforming the digital communication landscape while simultaneously generating unprecedented legal and ethical challenges. Deepfakes employ deep learning algorithms, particularly Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), to manipulate or fabricate images, videos, and audio recordings that closely resemble authentic content. Although these technologies offer legitimate applications in education, entertainment, healthcare, journalism, accessibility, and digital content creation, their misuse poses serious threats to privacy, reputation, democratic institutions, cybersecurity, intellectual property rights, and national security. The proliferation of manipulated digital content has increased incidents of identity theft, financial fraud, misinformation, election manipulation, cyber extortion, defamation, and non-consensual explicit content, exposing significant shortcomings in existing legal frameworks. This paper critically examines the legal implications of deepfakes and synthetic media through a comparative analysis of regulatory approaches adopted in India, the European Union, the United States, China, and other leading jurisdictions. It evaluates existing laws relating to data protection, privacy, intellectual property, cybercrime, intermediary liability, and freedom of expression while highlighting emerging legislative initiatives specifically targeting AI-generated content. The paper also discusses ethical concerns surrounding algorithmic accountability, informed consent, digital authenticity, and platform responsibility. It concludes that combating the risks associated with deepfakes requires comprehensive legal reforms, international cooperation, robust AI governance frameworks, technological detection mechanisms, digital literacy initiatives, and balanced regulation that simultaneously protects innovation, fundamental rights, and democracy.
R. Author· Global Journal of Computing...· 0 citations
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