Phthalate induced testicular degeneration in mice: biochemical, histopathological and immunohistochemical evidence for the interplay of oxidative stress, caspase-3, and NF-κB signaling
Phthalates, including dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), are widely used plasticizers associated with male reproductive toxicity. This study evaluated the dose- and temporal-dependent effects of DBP and DEHP (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg for 15 days) on testicular structure and function in immatu...