Qing-He Lin

The Succinate–HIF-1α–NLRP3 Axis in 3-Nitropropionic Acid-Induced Ovarian Dysfunction: A Testable Metabolic–Inflammatory Framework

Simple Summary 3-Nitropropionic acid (3-NPA) is a mitochondrial toxin that inhibits succinate dehydrogenase and can cause reproductive and ovarian injury. Although direct studies have shown that 3-NPA exposure can increase oxidative stress, impair mitochondrial function, promote granulosa-cell apoptosis, disrupt follic...