Rapidly Thermoresponsive Poly( N -isopropylacrylamide) Hydrogels Enabled by Itaconic Acid-Modified Cellulose Fiber Cross-Linkers
Stimuli-responsive hydrogels capable of reversible volume change are promising materials for soft actuators, sensors, and biomedical systems. However, conventional poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) hydrogels typically exhibit slow thermal responses due to limited water transport and the formation of a dense skin...