Gut microbiota-derived tryptophan metabolites in cardiovascular disease: mechanisms, biomarkers, and precision interventions
The gut microbiota plays a significant role in cardiovascular disease (CVD), through its metabolic products. Tryptophan is a key signaling molecule in the microbiota–host network; its gut microbial metabolites, including indole derivatives, kynurenine and serotonin, have dual effects on cardiovascular homeostasis. This...