Empirical Urban Growth Dynamics (2000–2025) and A Conceptual Architectural Framework for Spatial Digital Twins in Secondary African Cities: A Case Study of Owerri, Nigeria
Rapid urban expansion in secondary cities of Sub-Saharan Africa has intensified pressure on land resources and infrastructure, exposing the limitations of conventional planning systems reliant on periodic assessments. While Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Remote Sensing (RS), and Artificial Intelligence (AI) have...