Persistent atrial fibrillation: what lies beyond pulmonary vein isolation?
Catheter ablation is the treatment of choice in symptomatic patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) who do not respond to antiarrhythmic drug therapy, with pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) serving as the cornerstone of AF ablation. Despite advances in ablation techniques, freedom from atrial arrhythmias remains limi...