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Owen Anderson

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Open access Aug 2026

Charles Hodge Defends Sola Gratia: Certainty, Free Will, and God’s Eternal Decree

This article argues that Charles Hodge’s account of free will offers a neglected alternative to the dominant contemporary binary between determinism and libertarian freedom. Hodge distinguishes between necessity, contingency, and certainty, arguing that free actions may be rendered certain without being necessitated in...

Owen Anderson · 0 citations

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