Bisphenols and phthalates are ubiquitous endocrine-disrupting chemicals with potential effects on reproductive neuroendocrine regulation, particularly during sensitive developmental windows. This review summarizes current evidence on their exposure profile, mechanisms of reproductive disruption, and female- and male-specific reproductive adversities. A structured narrative review was conducted using PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science, including experimental, epidemiological, biomonitoring, systematic review, and meta-analytic studies addressing bisphenols, phthalates, fertility, hormonal regulation, gametogenesis, pregnancy outcomes, and reproductive toxicity mechanisms. Bisphenols and phthalates interfere with estrogenic and androgenic signaling, hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis regulation, steroidogenesis, oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, mitochondrial function, and epigenetic regulation. Reported outcomes include impaired ovarian function, altered oocyte development, hormonal imbalance, reduced semen quality, defective spermatogenesis, sperm DNA damage, infertility, and adverse developmental or pregnancy-related effects. However, human evidence remains heterogeneous and limited by observational designs, exposure misclassification, residual confounding, and insufficient mixture assessment. Current evidence supports biological plausibility for bisphenol- and phthalate-related reproductive toxicity, but causal inference remains limited. Prospective studies with repeated biomonitoring, standardized reproductive endpoints, sex- and age-specific analyses, and improved mixture modeling are needed. A precautionary reduction in avoidable exposure appears reasonable, particularly during sensitive reproductive and developmental periods.
Codruța Claudia Gherman Lencu, Cezara-Andreea Gerdanovics, O. Orășan et al.· International Journal of Mol...· 0 citations
Oxidative stress and systemic inflammation are considered key mechanisms linking obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) to cardiovascular disease. This study aimed to investigate the relationships among oxidative stress, nitrosative stress, inflammatory biomarkers, and echocardiographic alterations in OSA. This cross-sectional observational study included 72 adults with OSA, classified according to disease severity as mild, moderate, or severe. Clinical characteristics and echocardiographic parameters were assessed. Oxidative stress biomarkers—malondialdehyde (MDA), total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), nitric oxide (NO), oxidative stress index (OSI), and paraoxonase-1 (PON1); the nitrosative stress marker 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT), inflammatory biomarkers—interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α); and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP)—were determined using spectrophotometric and ELISA methods. Correlation and regression analyses were performed to evaluate associations between oxidative stress and inflammation. No significant differences in echocardiographic parameters, oxidative stress biomarkers, inflammatory markers, or NT-proBNP concentrations were observed across OSA severity categories (all p > 0.05). Patients with diabetes mellitus exhibited larger left and right atrial diameters and higher pulmonary artery systolic pressure values compared with non-diabetic patients (all p < 0.05). Significant positive correlations were identified between IL-6 and MDA (ρ = 0.364, p = 0.002), TOS (ρ = 0.259, p = 0.029), and OSI (ρ = 0.257, p = 0.030). The nitrosative stress marker 3-NT was also positively correlated with MDA, TOS, and OSI (all p < 0.05). In multivariable regression analyses adjusted for age, body mass index, and diabetes mellitus, MDA remained independently associated with IL-6 concentrations (B = 1.776, 95% CI 0.110–3.442, standardized β = 0.271, p = 0.037). Similarly, OSI remained independently associated with IL-6 (B = 0.043, 95% CI 0.003–0.083, standardized β = 0.277, p = 0.034). OSA severity was not associated with significant differences in oxidative stress, inflammatory, or echocardiographic parameters. However, oxidative stress biomarkers were strongly interrelated and remained significantly associated with IL-6 concentrations, suggesting a potential link between oxidative stress and systemic inflammation in patients with OSA. These findings support further investigation of oxidative stress pathways as biomarkers of disease-related biological activity in OSA.
Crina Veronica Zinveliu (Bercian), D. Măgureanu, R. Pop et al.· International Journal of Mol...· 0 citations
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