Evolution of the economic paradigm and the formation of the economics of hybrid social-digital systems
The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the transformation of the methodological foundations of economic science under the influence of the digital revolution. The paper substantiates the thesis that the fundamental premises of the neoclassical paradigm – representative agent, perfect rationality, equilibrium approach, diminishing returns, exogeneity of technologies – come into a systemic contradiction with the empirical realities of the digital economy: network effects, increasing returns to scale, the dominance of platform structures, data economy and fundamental uncertainty. The article critically analyzes the adaptive capabilities of the mainstream and concludes that they are limited. Complex economy, evolutionary economics, and K. Perez's concept of techno-economic paradigms are considered as promising areas for the formation of a new paradigm. Special attention is paid to ontological shifts that lead to the emergence of hybrid reality (fidgital), where the boundaries between the physical, digital, and social are blurred. The author proposes a model of the economy of hybrid systems, which includes a four-level architecture and a triple-spiral model of interaction between different spheres. The conclusion is substantiated that the new fundamental basis should be based on the principles of agent heterogeneity, endogenous innovation, non-equilibrium dynamics, network architecture, and the interpretation of information and data as a key production resource that changes the nature of economic processes.