From Tissue to Simulation: A Review of Venous Valve Biomechanics, Extracellular Matrix Architecture, and Constitutive Modeling in Chronic Venous Insufficiency.
Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) affects an estimated 25-40% of the adult population worldwide, yet the tissue-level mechanics driving venous valve failure remain largely uncharacterized. This review synthesizes experimental and computational literature on venous valve biomechanics as an integrated pipeline spanning...