Antibiotic resistance in
Klebsiella pneumoniae
is a major threat to global health. Despite its clinical importance, regional data from Saudi Arabia remain limited. This study analyzed the resistance patterns of
K. pneumoniae
isolates collected from the King Fahad Specialist Hospital in Al-Qassim between January 2015 and December 2023.
A retrospective cross-sectional analysis was conducted on 3,838 confirmed
K. pneumoniae
cases. Data were extracted from hospital electronic records and analyzed using R software. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to examine resistance patterns by specimen type, age, sex, and hospital department.
High resistance rates were observed to first-line antibiotics, particularly third-generation cephalosporins (59.18%–68.69%), amoxicillin-clavulanate (58.38%), and piperacillin-tazobactam (52.81%). Resistance to fluoroquinolones ranged from 53.85% to 56.36%. In contrast, higher susceptibility was observed for aminoglycosides and carbapenems. Resistance was more frequent in ESBL-producing strains, with limited presence of MDR strains. Age and sex were associated with an increased risk of resistance.
The
Klebsiella pneumoniae
isolates in this study demonstrated significant resistance to commonly prescribed antibiotics. ESBL production substantially contributed to resistance patterns. Although aminoglycosides and carbapenems have shown relative effectiveness, emerging resistance trends underscore the need for continuous monitoring and strict antibiotic stewardship in hospital settings.
Not applicable.
N. Al‐Sowayan, Farah Al-masoud, Manal Almutari et al.· BMC Infectious Diseases· 0 citations
Fragrance products are widely used in daily life. Nevertheless, the biological effects associated with specific fragrance formulations remain insufficiently characterized due to the complexity of their chemical composition. This study aimed to provide an integrated multi-organ evaluation of the effects of inhaling a tested commercial fragrance formulation on oxidative stress, physiological parameters, neurotoxicity-related biomarkers, and gene expression in rats, and to assess the potential protective role of vitamin E.
Twenty-five male albino rats were randomly assigned into five groups: control, olive oil, vitamin E, tested fragrance-exposed, and vitamin E plus tested fragrance-exposed. Animals were exposed for 30 consecutive days. Serum and tissue analyses included cardiac and renal markers (troponin, creatinine), arterial blood gases (ABG), blood pressure, heart rate, neurotoxicity-related markers (GFAP and UCH-L1), oxidative stress biomarkers (TAC, MDA, SOD, GSH-Px, CAT), and gene expression of CYP1A1, CYP1A2, Ckmt2, and Klf4.
Exposure to the tested fragrance formulation induced significant physiological and biochemical alterations, including increased serum creatinine (0.99 ± 0.13 mg/dL), troponin (3.41 ± 1.21 ng/mL), blood pressure (130.4 ± 4.4 mmHg), heart rate (375.8 ± 8.0 bpm), and MDA levels, alongside reduced antioxidant defenses (TAC, SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px). These alterations were accompanied by molecular changes reflected by upregulation of CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and Ckmt2, and downregulation of Klf4 expression. Vitamin E supplementation attenuated several of these alterations but did not fully restore normal levels.
Under the present experimental conditions, repeated inhalation exposure to the tested fragrance formulation induced systemic oxidative stress and multi-organ physiological and molecular alterations in rats. Vitamin E provided partial protection, suggesting a limited but relevant antioxidant role against the biological effects associated with this tested fragrance mixture.
N. Al‐Sowayan, D. Al-Shebel· Frontiers in Pharmacology· 0 citations
We use cookies to run the site and, with your consent, for analytics and to show ads.
See our Cookie Policy.
