Landsat Thermal Calibration for River Temperature Monitoring: A 25-Year Case Study of the Vistula River
Gauging stations on large rivers are too sparse to resolve spatial patterns of water temperature; satellite thermal imagery can fill this gap. We calibrated 25 years (2000–2024, May–November) of Landsat 5, 7, 8 and 9 surface temperature against in situ water temperature at three gauging stations on the lower Vistula Ri...