Mu-Sa Gun

Who pays for rearmament? Budget re-compositing and fiscal expansion in the European Union

Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine altered European security priorities, but a higher defense share does not by itself establish cuts elsewhere. This study ex-amines all ten functions of government in the EU-27 using Eurostat data for 2005–2024. Exact budget shares are paired with percentage-of-GDP outcomes, a pos...