Open access
2026
FPGA-Based Softmax Approximation: Analytical Cost–Error Modeling and Pareto Optimization
A high-accuracy LUT6 cost model is derived that captures all major pipeline components, along with a closed-form error model for the exponential approximation, validated against Monte Carlo simulation with deviations below 10% for MSE and within 2% for MAE.
Mouna Djellouli, Amirhossein Zarei, Atik Mahabub et al.
· IEEE Open Journal of Circuit... · 0 citations