Environmental data sensing and IoT-based data visualization for smart greenhouse management
To prevent resource waste in traditional agricultural practices and to respond instantly to environmental changes, this study develops a low-cost, multi-parameter smart greenhouse monitoring system based on the Internet of Things (IoT). The system is built on the high-performance STM32F407VGT6 microcontroller, designed for embedded systems, and manages a hybrid sensor network that simultaneously collects temperature, humidity, pressure, air quality, soil moisture, and light intensity data. The unique aspect of this work is that, thanks to the developed C++-based wrapper software architecture, sensors with different communication protocols can be synchronized on a single embedded system, and raw electrical data can be converted into meaningful percentage values for the end user. The obtained data is visualized in real-time locally on an SSD1306 OLED screen and remotely on the Blynk platform via an ESP8266 Wi-Fi module. Test results have shown that the system measures environmental data with high accuracy and transmits it to the cloud server with a response time of less than two seconds. In conclusion, this study offers an economical IoT-enabled smart farming solution for small-scale producers and creates a robust technological infrastructure for future fully autonomous control systems.