An analytical overview of the ceramide-sphingosine-sphingosine-1-phosphate axis in ischemic stroke: synthesis, metabolic dynamics, and functional conversion.
Ischemic stroke rapidly remodels sphingolipid metabolism across the neurovascular unit. Ceramide, sphingosine, and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) form an interconvertible axis that connects membrane metabolism with mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammatory signaling, blood-brain barrier integ...