Sep 2026
CUMYL-4CN-BINACA exposure is associated with oxidative stress, ER stress-related responses, apoptosis, and altered KIM-1, NGAL, and Nephrin expression in rat kidney.
Overall, C-4CN-B caused dose-dependent, multifactorial kidney injury through concurrent activation of oxidative, inflammatory, ER stress, and apoptotic pathways.
Esra Aktas Senocak, Ozkan Aksakal, Cihan Gür et al.
· Food and Chemical Toxicology · 0 citations