Interplay Between Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Opportunities.
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are key pathogenic drivers in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Chronic ER stress impairs epithelial barrier integrity and stimulates inflammatory pathways, causing cell death. Simultaneously, mitochondrial dysfunction results in excessive reactive oxygen...