Open access
Jul 2026
Intranasal exposure to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein induces Th2 and Th17 cell-associated pulmonary immunopathology 2258252
Intramuscular mRNA vaccines show superior safety, while spike contains epitopes capable of driving Th2- and Th17-mediated pathology, highlighting the need to refine spike antigens and booster strategies for durable, safe protection.
Tian-Yi Zhang, Nicholas Magazine, Lamis El-Baz et al.
· Journal of Immunology · 0 citations