Direct genetic transformation of plants: Techniques, applications, and biotechnological perspectives
Direct plant genetic transformation is an important tool in plant biotechnology, allowing the introduction of genetic material into plant cells without the use of intermediate organisms, such as Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Among the main techniques used are biolistics, electroporation, and polyethylene glycol (PEG)-mediated transformation, widely applied in plant breeding and genetic engineering studies. These methodologies enable the development of plants with desirable agronomic characteristics, including resistance to pests and diseases, tolerance to abiotic stresses, and nutritional improvements. In recent years, the integration of genetic transformation techniques with modern gene editing tools, especially the CRISPR/Cas9 system, has significantly expanded the applications of plant biotechnology, allowing precise modifications to the plant genome. Furthermore, new approaches involving nanotechnology and ribonucleoprotein delivery are contributing to increased efficiency in genetic transformation and reduced random integration of exogenous DNA. Despite technological advancements, challenges related to cell regeneration, genetic stability, biosafety, and regulation still limit the widespread use of these technologies. In this context, this review addresses the fundamentals, techniques, biotechnological applications, advantages, limitations, and future perspectives of direct genetic transformation of plants, highlighting its importance for the sustainable development of agriculture and plant biotechnology.