NANOPRIMING WITH ZINC AND SELENIUM NANOPARTICLES: A PROMISING APPROACH FOR ENHANCED SEED GERMINATION AND STRESS RESILIENCE
Nanotechnology is increasingly being explored as a modern approach to make agriculture more sustainable, especially through the use of zinc (Zn) and selenium (Se) nanoparticles in seed science. This review focuses on how these nanoparticles improve seed germination, early seedling growth, and the ability of plants to withstand environmental stresses. Zinc nanoparticles, particularly ZnO, support important plant processes such as enzyme activity, nutrient absorption, and hormone balance, which are essential for healthy early growth, while selenium nanoparticles, although not considered essential for plants, play a valuable role in strengthening antioxidant systems, controlling harmful reactive oxygen species, and helping plants tolerate stresses like drought, salinity, and heavy metal exposure. When applied through seed priming (nanopriming), these nanoparticles activate key internal processes such as enzyme function, hormonal regulation, and energy mobilisation, resulting in faster and more uniform germination. However, their effects are highly dependent on concentration, as optimal levels promote growth while excessive amounts may cause toxicity. The combined use of zinc and selenium nanoparticles often produces better results due to their complementary roles, improving photosynthesis, biomass accumulation, and overall plant resilience, although further research is still needed to optimise their use and ensure environmental safety for long-term agricultural applications.