M. Vallet-Regí

3D- and 4D-printed scaffolds for osteoporotic bone regeneration: translational insights from in vivo preclinical and human-oriented studies

Osteoporosis compromises bone repair through reduced osteogenic capacity, excessive osteoclast activity, oxidative stress, inflammation, impaired angiogenesis, and poor implant fixation. Three-dimensional printing has emerged as a powerful strategy to generate patient-specific scaffolds and implants with controlled p...