Simple Summary Dairy farming faces growing challenges as farmers must produce more milk while reducing disease, lowering the use of antibiotics, and limiting environmental impacts. This review examines current and emerging ways to improve the natural communities of helpful microorganisms that live inside dairy cows to support better health and productivity. It compares different approaches, including beneficial feed supplements, the transfer of healthy gut microorganisms, advanced gene-based methods, and data-guided farm management, to assess how close they are to routine use on farms. The evidence shows that beneficial feed supplements are already improving milk production, supporting animal health, reducing disease, and lowering the need for antibiotics. Other promising methods have shown encouraging results but still require further research before they can be safely applied on a large scale. Overall, the review concludes that future progress will depend on choosing the most suitable approach for each individual animal rather than using the same solution for every herd. These advances could help create healthier dairy cows, more sustainable farming systems, safer food production, and a cleaner environment.
M. Ashfaq, M. Tharwat, Sohail Ahmed et al.· Veterinary Sciences· 0 citations
Simple Summary Brucellosis imposes heavy economic burdens on livestock and poses a persistent zoonotic threat. Although infection rarely causes death, it commonly triggers abortion and stillbirth; however, the genomic and immunological drivers of this variable clinical outcome are largely unknown. This review brings together scattered findings from genetics, genomics, and transcriptomics to explain how both the animal host and the bacterium shape disease outcome. We highlight practical advances most relevant to veterinary practice: genetic markers that may contribute to breeding programs after independent validation to produce naturally resistant cattle, goats, sheep, and buffalo, and gene-expression signatures that may sharpen diagnosis and disease staging. We also clarify why antimicrobial resistance in Brucella may involve regulatory, metabolic, and chromosomal mechanisms that are not fully captured by classical acquired resistance-gene databases. By identifying where current evidence is strong, weak, or missing, this work offers researchers and practitioners key research priorities for advancing genetics-informed disease control, improving animal welfare, and reducing zoonotic transmission.
Abdul Qadeer, M. Tharwat, Ibrahim F. Halawani et al.· Veterinary Sciences· 0 citations
Simple Summary Goats are a mainstay of milk production in dry and difficult regions, supporting the livelihoods of millions of smallholder farmers and supplying milk that is nutritious, easy to digest, and less likely to trigger allergies than cow milk. Yet breeding goats for higher and better-quality milk has progressed more slowly than in dairy cattle. Modern DNA-based tools can accelerate this progress by pinpointing the genes that shape how much milk a goat produces and how rich it is in fat and protein. This review brings together findings from many studies to identify which genes most reliably influence these traits and how they act inside the udder. Such knowledge allows breeders to select superior animals earlier and more accurately. Realizing these benefits will require larger, carefully recorded goat populations and the combining of different biological datasets, ultimately helping farmers raise more productive herds and improving the supply of high-quality goat milk.
Shuaishuai Wu, M. Tharwat, Abd Ullah et al.· Veterinary Sciences· 0 citations
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