Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Fields for Extracellular Vesicle Engineering: From Electro-Exocytosis to Cargo Modulation
Current knowledge on EV biogenesis and release mechanisms are discussed, the biophysical foundations of nsPEF–cell and nsPEF–membrane interactions are introduced, and a translational roadmap for the application and development of this technology toward clinical-grade EV manufacturing is outlined.