M. L. Francies

Edge AI and Federated Learning in Smart City Engineering: A Cross-Domain Review of Architectures, Applications, and Deployment Challenges in Transportation, Environmental, and Building Systems

The findings indicate that Edge AI delivers consistent latency and energy benefits in transportation and building applications where on-device inference is feasible, while FL is most impactful where data sovereignty, regulatory constraint, or cross-jurisdictional coordination dominate the problem geometry.