Impact of air pollution on otolaryngological disease
Introduction and Objective. Air pollution is a major environmental health problem associated with increased respiratory morbidity and mortality. Pollutants such as particulate matter (PM2,5, PM10), nitrogen dioxide, sulpher dioxide, ozone, and carbon monoxide may damage the respiratory tract through oxidative stress, epithelial dysfunction, and immune dysregulation. Because the upper airways are the first site of contact with inhaled pollutants, otolaryngological diseases are particularly susceptible to environmental exposure. The aim of this review is to summarize current evidence regarding the impact of air pollution on ENT diseases and their underlying mechanisms. Brief description of the state of knowledge. Current studies demonstrate significant associations between air pollution and disorders such as rhinitis, chronic rhinosinusitis, otitis media, and laryngeal diseases. Both short-and long-term exposure to pollutants increase disease incidence, symptom severity, and healthcare utilisation. Oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, epithelial barrier dysfunction, and impaired mucociliary clearance appear to play central roles in disease pathogenesis. Children and the elderly are especially vulnerable to pollution-related upper airway diseases. Summary. Air pollution is an important environmental determinant of otolaryngological diseases. Its effects involve inflammatory, oxidative, and structural mechanisms contributing to both acute and chronic upper airway pathology. Recognition of environmental exposure, implementation of preventive strategies, and further research on disease mechanisms may improve prevention and clinical management of ENT disorders.