DETECTION OF FIELD NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS GENOTYPE VII AND INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE VIRUS IN A COMMERCIAL LAYING FLOCK IN THE AKMOLA REGION
Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) remain important pathogens in commercial poultry production. In vaccinated flocks, molecular detection requires careful interpretation because viral genetic material may originate from either field infection or vaccine-associated signals. We inves...