Industrial Control Systems (ICS) form the backbone of critical infrastructure, enabling automation and control in sectors such as energy, water, and manufacturing. The convergence of Operational Technology (OT) and Information Technology (IT) has introduced significant cybersecurity challenges, particularly for legacy...
Lukumba Phiri, Mukubesa Kamutumwa· International Journal of App...· 0 citations
Many communication protocols used in Industrial Control Systems, such as Modbus/TCP and web-based services, were developed many years ago and were not originally designed with strong security features. As a result, Industrial Control Systems became vulnerable to cyberattacks. This paper reviews existing studies that ex...
Mupatiwa Zulu, Lukumba Phiri· WSEAS Transactions on Comput...· 0 citations
Some operational and technical challenges that affect the adoption of effective cybersecurity prac-tices within e-government infrastructures are identified and the importance of scalable, cost-effective, and integrated monitoring infrastructures to manage cybersecurity proactively in developing countries are highlighte...
Lukumba Phiri, Steve Muwowo· International Journal of Ele...· 0 citations
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