Immune checkpoints (ICPs) are essential regulators of immune homeostasis, maintaining the balance between effective immune responses and tolerance to self-antigens. Dysregulation of ICP signaling may contribute to impaired immune surveillance, immune evasion, chronic inflammation, autoimmunity, persistent infections, a...
The rising incidence of chronic autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases has been increasingly associated with environmental and lifestyle factors, including Western dietary patterns, intestinal dysbiosis, and reduced production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Reduced production of acetate, propionate, and butyrate...