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Liu Ben

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Review Open access 2026

Workflow Signal Protocol: A Measurement Method for Deployment-Time Workflow Observability in Legal AI

The Workflow Signal Protocol (WSP) is introduced, a deployment-layer measurement method for recording workflow observability as a structured workflow-observability record that supports the central claim that deployment-time workflow observability is measurable within the evaluated legal-AI settings.

Liu Ben · 0 citations
Review Open access Aug 2026

Lifecycle answerability for artificial intelligence-enabled medical device software: a regulatory science perspective

This work provisionally defines the credible field signal that triggers answerability obligations, distinguishes the construct from established algorithmic accountability frameworks, applies it in parallel to sepsis early warning and large language model documentation, and examines what is distinctive about answerability obligations in critically ill populations.

Liu Ben · 0 citations

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