Author

Lionel Martellini

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Preprint Jul 2026

The Emergence of Time from Quantum Records: Actualization and the Surprisal Clock

We develop a record-based account of internal time in quantum mechanics. Persistent records first define an ordinal chronology through inclusion of their accumulated Boolean algebras. On a specified record filtration, we prove that, under three minimal consistency requirements, namely dependence only on conditional Born weight, invariance under sequential refinement of the same recorded fact, and continuity, the actualization of each outcome contributes an internal time proportional to its \textit{surprisal}, defined as the negative logarithm of that probability. A certain outcome therefore contributes no duration, whereas less probable outcomes contribute larger increments. The mean and variance of the accumulated clock are governed by the Shannon entropy and varentropy of the record process, its moment-generating function is related to the R'enyi entropy spectrum, and its pathwise fluctuations admit a Doob decomposition into a predictable entropic compensator and a martingale. Two further results provide independent consistency checks. Within the stated class of finite-dimensional bipartite states, universal additivity of local clock readings across all admissible local record contexts is equivalent to the absence of entanglement. In the quantum Zeno regime, the number of monitoring rounds may diverge while the expected accumulated surprisal tends to zero. The construction therefore supplies a canonical internal-time functional for a specified quantum record process without presupposing an external clock. It does not by itself identify which physical record processes constitute material clocks; determining their production rates and dynamical realization remains a separate problem.

Lionel Martellini · 1 citation

Preprint Jul 2026

The Physics of Unresolved Uncertainty: Quantum Mechanics as a Theory of Potentiality

We propose a reformulation of quantum mechanics as a theory of unresolved uncertainty. This theory of potentiality is formulated in the language of complex-valued measure theory, regarded as a pre-probabilistic counterpart of ordinary probability theory. In this formulation, additivity, conditioning, independence, mixtures, transition kernels, and temporal divisibility retain natural linear forms at the potentiality level, while non-classical probability-level features such as interference arise from the nonlinear Born map. Measurement is described as Bayesian-type conditioning of potentialities on actualized information, and non-selective measurement as the replacement of coherent potentiality by statistical mixtures of conditional potentiality branches. Mixed states, decoherence, composite systems, entanglement, and Bell-type correlations are also given a unified potentiality-level interpretation. The density matrix is interpreted as a coherence kernel whose off-diagonal blocks encode retained phase relations. For pure bipartite states, potentiality independence is shown to be equivalent to factorization of the Born distribution in every pair of local contexts. The resulting formulation is empirically equivalent to standard quantum mechanics, but it makes explicit a pre-probabilistic description of physical reality that is usually implicit in the Hilbert-space formalism.

Lionel Martellini · 1 citation