Open access
Jul 2026
The Impact of Neutral Subpopulations on Cooperation in Two-Layer Coupled Networks
Sustaining cooperation under severe social dilemmas is a fundamental challenge in complex systems. This paper proposes a two-layer coupled network model integrating three neutral subpopulations, combining an upper human layer (Fermi rule) and a lower agent layer (Bush–Mosteller reinforcement learning). The core scienti...
Pan Zhao, Xiaopeng Wan, Jun Feng et al.
· Mathematics · 0 citations