Design and Experimental Validation of a LoRa-Based IoT Architecture for Real-Time Monitoring of a Coupled Constructed Wetland Wastewater Treatment System
Continuous monitoring of water quality is essential for supporting environmental management and enabling timely decision-making in wastewater treatment facilities. Although numerous Internet of Things (IoT) solutions have been proposed for environmental monitoring, many rely on proprietary cloud platforms or commercial gateways that limit flexibility, scalability, and integration with customized applications. This paper presents the design, implementation, and field validation of a modular IoT architecture for real-time water quality monitoring based on distributed sensor nodes, long-range LoRa communication, and a self-hosted web platform. The proposed architecture integrates sensor nodes equipped with calibrated pH, dissolved oxygen, and turbidity sensors, a hybrid LoRa/Wi-Fi Main Controller implementing a custom master–slave communication protocol, and a Python-based back-end with a PostgreSQL database for data acquisition, storage, visualization, and historical analysis. The complete system was deployed and experimentally validated in a real coupled constructed wetland located at the Universidad del Atlántico, Colombia, where three monitoring stations continuously acquired and transmitted water quality measurements over a one-month evaluation period. During the experimental deployment, the system generated more than 4.5 million measurement records (297 MB) while recording average RSSI values between −55.7 and −58.1 dBm (standard deviation: 1.6–2.2 dB). The developed web platform successfully supported real-time visualization and historical analysis of all acquired measurements. These results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed architecture as a practical, scalable, and modular solution for continuous environmental monitoring that can be readily adapted to other distributed water quality monitoring applications.