Air pollution has become an increasingly important environmental and public health concern, particularly in rapidly urbanizing coastal provinces. This study aimed to evaluate the spatio-temporal variation characteristics of key air quality parameters (TSP, SO₂, NO₂, and CO) and the Air Quality Index (AQI) in former Khanh Hoa Province during the period 2021-2024. Periodic monitoring data collected from 28 monitoring sites across four functional zones (North, South, West, and Central) were analyzed using descriptive statistics, seasonal comparison, Pearson correlation analysis, AQI calculation, and GIS-based spatial interpolation (IDW). The results showed that SO₂ and CO concentrations significantly decreased by 62% and 22%, respectively (p<0.05), while NO₂ remained relatively stable and TSP showed signs of increasing, particularly in 2024. TSP was identified as the dominant pollutant, accounting for more than 95% of AQI deterioration and frequently exceeding the annual average standard in the Central region. Overall air quality was generally classified as “Good” and “Moderate”; however, localized pollution hotspots and short-term unhealthy AQI events were observed, especially during the dry season in urbanized areas with high traffic density and intensive construction activities. Pearson correlation analysis revealed that humidity and wind speed played important roles in pollutant dispersion and washout effects, while noise levels showed significant positive correlations with TSP, NO₂, and CO, indicating the strong influence of transportation-related emissions. These findings suggest that air quality management should prioritize TSP source control, particularly in the Central region, and strengthen seasonal monitoring strategies to support sustainable environmental management in rapidly developing coastal provinces of Vietnam.
Le Viet Thang, H. Dung· Environment and Natural Reso...· 0 citations
Industrial expansion in southern Vietnam has intensified concerns regarding seasonal air pollution dynamics and associated health risks under tropical monsoon conditions. However, assessments linking interannual variability, source structure, and population-specific health risks in tropical industrial zones remain limited. This study monitored ambient air quality at 37 sites across nine industrial zone clusters in southern Vietnam over five consecutive years (2021–2025), with biannual campaigns during the dry season (March) and rainy season (October). Two-way ANOVA identified significant effects of both year and season on concentrations of PM10, SO2, NO2, CO, NH3, and H2S (all p < 0.05), with consistently higher dry-season levels, while noise remained invariant. Principal component analysis revealed clear seasonal separation along the primary axis (39.5% variance explained), and hierarchical cluster analysis confirmed season-dominated multivariate structure. Non-negative matrix factorization resolved four stable PM10-related source factors, with Factors 3 and 4 showing pollutant signatures consistent with combustion- and sulfur-associated emissions and contributing most strongly during the dry season. The observed seasonal patterns are associated with differences in meteorological conditions and emission activities between the dry and rainy seasons. Probabilistic assessment identified H2S, PM10, and NO2 as dominant risk drivers, among which H2S posed the greatest exposure concern across population groups, with a mean hazard quotient (HQ) reaching 10.26 in the dry season for the high-exposure group and P(HQ ⩾ 1) ≈ 1.000. GIS-based composite pollution mapping further revealed persistent high-risk hotspots in the East–Southeast industrial corridor, where high-risk area coverage increased from 27% in 2021 to approximately 36% during 2022–2025, a pattern spatially associated with industrial clustering, transport connectivity, and seasonal meteorological conditions. Overall, the findings suggest that the observed seasonal differences in source-related pollutant patterns, pollutant accumulation, and population health risk are consistent with the combined influence of meteorological conditions and seasonal emission activities in tropical industrial environments, providing evidence to support season-specific emission control and targeted public health protection strategies.
Le Viet Thang, K. Lưu, Hoa Kim Nguyen et al.· Environmental Research Commu...· 0 citations
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