Kyoung-Hye Kong

Vitamin D alleviates indoxyl sulfate-induced inflammatory and cholesterol dysregulation in macrophages: Implications for vascular health in patients receiving hemodialysis

Indoxyl sulfate (IS) is a protein-bound uremic toxin that accumulates in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and promotes oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, and fibrosis, thereby contributing to vascular stenosis in patients receiving hemodialysis. CKD is also c...