Multifunctional VEGF/CeO2-Loaded Methacrylated Chitosan Hydrogel Promotes Renal Repair Through Immune-Metabolic Reprogramming and Structural Preservation Following Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury
Background/Objectives: Renal ischemia–reperfusion injury (IRI) and infection-associated renal damage are characterized by persistent inflammation, oxidative stress, microvascular dysfunction, and impaired tissue regeneration, creating a hostile microenvironment that limits effective repair. We developed an injectable,...