Maternal–Fetal Exposome and Early-Life Microbiota–Pattern Recognition Receptors Signaling in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Susceptibility: A Mechanistic Review
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) develops through interactions among genetic susceptibility, intestinal microbiota, environmental exposures, and dysregulated mucosal immunity. Increasing evidence suggests that these interactions may begin before diagnosis—and possibly before birth—when maternal signals, microbial assem...