Hydrogen-Based Renewable Energy Systems: Technologies, Challenges, and Future Prospects for Sustainable Energy
The increasing demand for clean, reliable, and sustainable energy has accelerated the adoption of hydrogen-based renewable energy systems as a key solution for achieving carbon neutrality. Green hydrogen, produced through water electrolysis powered by renewable energy sources such as solar and wind, offers a clean energy carrier with zero carbon emissions during utilization. Hydrogen can be stored for extended periods, transported efficiently, and converted back into electricity through fuel cells, making it an effective solution for addressing the intermittency of renewable energy sources. This paper presents a comprehensive review of hydrogen production technologies, storage methods, fuel cell systems, and their integration with renewable energy resources. It also discusses the role of hydrogen in smart grids, transportation, industrial applications, and microgrids. Furthermore, recent advancements involving artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), and digital twins for hydrogen energy management are reviewed. Finally, the paper highlights existing challenges, future research directions, and opportunities for large-scale commercialization.