Counterfactual Predictions in Scientific Emulators Without Controlled Experiments
Many scientific questions require reasoning about what was never observed: What if the conditions, interventions, or history had been different? Models can predict accurately on observed data yet fail on such what-if queries when correlated inputs are varied independently. A common remedy is to add controlled simulatio...
Ding-Ling Yao, Kahaan Gandhi, Valentin Duruisseaux et al.
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