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Open access Sep 2026

The Hidden Thirst of AI: A Framework for Estimating Direct, Indirect, and Scarcity-Adjusted Freshwater Consumption per LLM Query

Large-scale artificial intelligence systems increasingly disclose energy and carbon metrics, but their freshwater costs remain less consistently measured. This paper introduces the Water Cost of Intelligence (WCI), a per-query metric combining direct water consumed for on-site data-center cooling with indirect water co...

Bhanu Sharma, Amit Tiwari, Rashanjot Kaur et al. · 0 citations

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