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Justin Franklin Shaffer

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#artificial intelligence Open access Oct 2026

The landscape of gateway STEM student success and teaching practices at R1 institutions in the United States post-COVID and post-AI

Gateway science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) courses have historically been taught primarily with didactic lectures and high-stakes examinations which can contribute to poor student outcomes. Much has changed in higher education in recent years after two historic disruptions: the COVID-19 pandemic a...

Justin Franklin Shaffer · 0 citations

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